Repercusiones de la rivalidad tecnológica entre EE. UU. y China en la innovación mundial y la competitividad económica: análisis comparativo de las estrategias nacionales
Impact of USA-China Technological Rivalry on Global Innovation and Economic Competitiveness: Comparative Analysis of National Strategies
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La rivalidad tecnológica entre Estados Unidos y China es uno de los fenómenos más relevantes de las relaciones internacionales modernas, ya que influye en la innovación mundial y en la competitividad económica. Objetivo. Realizar un análisis comparativo de las estrategias nacionales de Estados Unidos y China para promover la innovación y evaluar su impacto en la competitividad tecnológica en áreas estratégicas. Metodología. Se aplicó una metodología mixta que incluyó el análisis de contenido de 99 documentos oficiales (2015-2024), el análisis cuantitativo de datos de la OCDE, la OMPI y el Nature Index, así como un análisis comparativo de casos de Estados Unidos y China en cinco ámbitos tecnológicos: inteligencia artificial; semiconductores; tecnologías cuánticas; biotecnología y telecomunicaciones. Resultados. El estudio identifica una “paradoja del liderazgo tecnológico” en la que el modelo de capitalismo de Estado de China garantiza el dominio cuantitativo, mientras que el sistema orientado al mercado de EE. UU. mantiene el liderazgo cualitativo. La competencia geopolítica acelera los procesos de innovación, pero también conduce a la fragmentación de los ecosistemas tecnológicos globales. Conclusión. En suma, está surgiendo un sistema multipolar de liderazgo tecnológico en el que los países se especializan en campos concretos.
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